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Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was a U.S. educator and legal scholar. He served as President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an "aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty,"〔Yeomans, 80〕 Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw a remarkable expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body, and its endowment. His reform of undergraduate education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. His progressive reputation in education derived principally from his insistence on integrating social classes at Harvard and preventing students of wealthy backgrounds from living apart from their less wealthy peers, a position for which he was sometimes termed "a traitor to his class."〔Smith, 64〕 He also recognized the university's obligation to serve the surrounding community, particularly in making college courses available to and putting college degrees within the reach of local schoolteachers. He took the progressive side on certain public issues as well. He demonstrated outspoken support for academic freedom during World War I and played a prominent role in urging the public to support American participation in the League of Nations following the war. Yet his Harvard years saw two public disputes in which he argued for compromising basic principles of justice for the sake of his own personal vision of Harvard's mission with respect to assimilating non-traditional students. In one instance, he tried to limit Jewish enrollment to 15% of the student body. In the other, he tried to ban African-American students from living in the Freshman Halls when all Harvard's new students were required to room there. In both cases the Harvard Board of Overseers insisted on the consistent application of liberal principles and overruled him. One historian summarized his complex personality and legacy with these words: "He played many characters—the rich man of simple tastes, the gentleman who loathed gentlemanly C's, the passionate theorist of democracy whose personal conduct was suavely autocratic."〔 The interplay of democratic and patrician instincts, and especially his insistence on defending his positions when others found then indefensible, made him hard for his contemporaries to grasp. As one historian posed the question: "How could a consensus form around one who exasperated his friends as often as he confounded his enemies."〔Smith 83〕 ==Early years== Lowell was born on December 13, 1856 in Boston, Massachusetts, the second son of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. His siblings included the poet Amy Lowell, the astronomer Percival Lowell, and Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, an early activist for prenatal care. They were the great-grandchildren of John Lowell and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of Abbott Lawrence.〔Lowell, Delmar R., ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899'' (Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company, 1899), 283〕 Lowell graduated from Noble and Greenough School in 1873 and attended Harvard College where he presented a thesis for honors in mathematics that addressed using quaternions to treat quadrics〔A.L. Lowell (1878) (Surfaces of the second order, as treated by quaternions ), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 13:222–50, from Biodiversity Heritage Library〕 and graduated in 1877. While at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding and was later made an honorary member of the Phoenix S.K. Club. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1880 and practiced law from 1880 to 1897 in partnership with his cousin, Francis Cabot Lowell, with whom he wrote ''Transfer of Stock in Corporations'', which appeared in 1884. On June 19, 1879, while a law student, he married a distant cousin, Anna Parker Lowell in King's Chapel in Boston and honeymooned in the Western U.S.〔''New York Times'': ("A. L. Lowell Dies; Harvard Ex-Head" );''New York Times'' January 7, 1943; Henry Aaron Yeomans, ''Abbott Lawrence Lowell, 1856-1943'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948), 50-1〕 His first scholarly publications appeared before he undertook an academic career. ''Essays on Government'' appeared in 1889, designed to counter the arguments Woodrow Wilson made in his ''Congressional Government''. The two volumes of ''Governments and Parties in Continental Europe'' followed in 1896. Lowell was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, joining his father and brother, in 1897.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf )〕〔Yeomans, 53〕 He became a trustee of MIT in 1897.〔Michael Shinagel, ''"The Gates Unbarred:" A History of University Extension at Harvard, 1910-2009'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 15〕 In 1897, Lowell became lecturer, and in 1898, professor of government at Harvard. His publishing career continued with the appearance of ''Colonial Civil Service'' in 1900, and ''The Government of England'' in two volumes in 1908. In December 1901, Lowell and his wife donated funds anonymously to erect a building housing a large lecture hall, a facility the university lacked at the time. It became the New Lecture Hall (later renamed Lowell Lecture Hall), at the corner of Oxford and Kneeland Streets, and held a 928-seat auditorium as well as 8 meeting rooms.〔Yeomans, 56-7; Douglass Shand-Tucci, ''Harvard University: An Architectural Tour'' (NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 210〕 From relatively early in his professional career, Lowell worried about the role of racial and ethnic minorities in American society. As early as 1887, he wrote of the Irish: "What we need is not to dominate the Irish, but to absorb them.... We want them to become rich, and send their sons to our colleges, to share our prosperity and our sentiments. We do not want to feel that they are among us and yet not really part of us." He believed that only a homogeneous society could safeguard the achievements of American democracy. Sometime before 1906, he became an honorary vice-president of the Immigration Restriction League, an organization that promoted literacy tests and tightened enforcement of immigration laws. In 1910, he wrote approvingly in private of excluding Chinese immigrants entirely and of Southern states that denied the franchise to black citizens. Publicly he consistently adopted assimilation as the solution to absorbing other groups, limiting their numbers to levels he believed would allow American society to absorb them without being changed itself, a stance that "fused liberal and racist ideas in making the case for exclusion."〔Daniel J. Tichenor, ''Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 7, 38, 120, 147, 315; Richard Norton Smith, ''The Harvard Century: The Making of a University to a Nation'' (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 85-6〕 In 1909, he became president of the American Political Science Association. That same year, he succeeded Charles William Eliot as president of Harvard University, a post he held for 24 years until his retirement in 1933.〔Ferris Greenslet, ''The Lowells and Their Seven Worlds'' (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1946)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abbott Lawrence Lowell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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